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Phosphorylation of intracellular serine and threonine residues is the most important post translational modification of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) also called heptahelical or seven transmembrane receptors (7TMR). After agonist exposure, these receptors acquire an active conformation, which is recognized by a family of highly specialized GPCR kinases (GRKs). Agonist-driven phosphorylation by GRKs regulates acute receptor desensitization, arrestin recruitment, internalization, post-activation signaling, long-term tolerance and drug addiction. Phosphosite-specific 7TM antibodies are designed to specifically detect agonist-activated GPCRs. In fact, recent work shows that ligand profiling using phosphosite-specific 7TM antibodies provides valuble information on ligand bias beyond that obtained with conventional ß-arrestin recruitment assays. Phosphosite-specific 7TM antibodies are novel tools for GPCR research that can be used to:

  • profile agonist properties of novel GPCR ligands
  • decipher the phosphorylation barcode of GPCRs
  • determine the spatial and temporal dynamics of receptor phosphorylation
  • identify relevant kinases and phosphatases for GPCR phosphorylation and dephosphoryation

Lifecycle3

Schematic representation of the G protein-coupled receptor phosphorylation / dephosphorylation cycle. GRK, G protein-coupled receptor kinase; PKC, protein kinase C; cPP1, catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1; R*, activated GPCR; CCP, clathrin-coated pit. 

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Validation of the Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 5 in transfected HEK293 cells
LPA5 (non-phospho), Lysophosphatidic Acid...
The non-phospho-LPA5 receptor antibody is directed against the distal end of the carboxyl-terminal tail of human LPA5. It can be used to detect total LPA5 receptors in Western blots independent of phosphorylation. The LPA5 antibody can...
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Validation of the Angiotensin Receptor 2 in transfected HEK293 cells
AT2 (non-phospho-Angiotensin Receptor 2 Antibody)
The non-phospho-AT2 receptor antibody is directed against the distal part of the carboxyl-terminal tail of human Angiotensin Receptor 2 (AT2). It can be used to detect total AT2 receptors in Western blots independent of phosphorylation....
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Validation of the Angiotensin Receptor 1 in transfected HEK293 cells
AT1 (non-phospho-Angiotensin Receptor 1 Antibody)
The non-phospho-AT1 receptor antibody is directed against the distal part of the carboxyl-terminal tail of human Angiotensin Receptor 1 (AT1). It can be used to detect total AT1 receptors in Western blots independent of phosphorylation....
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Validation of the GPR55 Receptor in transfected HEK293 cells
GPR55 (non-phospho), G protein-coupled...
The non-phospho-GPR55 receptor antibody is directed against the distal end of the carboxyl-terminal tail of human GPR55. It can be used to detect total GPR55 receptors in Western blots independent of phosphorylation. The GPR55 antibody...
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Validation of the GPR146 Receptor in transfected HEK293 cells
GPR146 (non-phospho), G protein-coupled...
The non-phospho-GPR146 receptor antibody is directed against the distal end of the carboxyl-terminal tail of human GPR146. It can be used to detect total GPR146 receptors in Western blots independent of phosphorylation. The GPR146...
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Validation of the GPR119 Receptor in transfected HEK293 cells
GPR119 (non-phospho), G protein-coupled...
The non-phospho-GPR119 receptor antibody is directed against the distal end of the carboxyl-terminal tail of human GPR119. It can be used to detect total GPR119 receptors in Western blots independent of phosphorylation. The GPR119...
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Immunohistochemical identification of GPR183 Receptor in human spleen
GPR183 (IHC-grade), Oxysterol Receptor Antibody
The non-phospho-GPR183 receptor antibody is directed against the distal end of the carboxyl-terminal tail of human GPR183. It also detects GPR183 in cultured cells and tissue sections by immunohistochemistry. It can be used to detect...
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Validation of the Formylpeptide Receptor 2 in transfected HEK293 cells
FPR2 (non-phospho), Formylpeptide Receptor 2...
The FPR2 receptor antibody is directed against the distal end of the carboxyl-terminal tail of human Formylpeptide Receptor 2. It can be used to detect total FPR2 receptors in Western blots independent of phosphorylation. The FPR2...
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Agonist-induced Threonine337/Threonine339 phosphorylation of FPR3 Receptor
pT337/pT339-FPR3 (phospho-Formylpeptide...
Threonine337/Threonine339 (T337/T339) is a major phosphorylation site of the FPR3 receptor. The pT337/pT339-FPR3 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high-efficacy agonists. T337/T339 phosphorylation is a key regulator of FPR3...
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Agonist-induced Threonine346 phosphorylation of FPR2 Receptor
pT346-FPR2 (phospho-Formylpeptide Receptor 2...
Threonine346 (T346) is a major phosphorylation site of the FPR2 receptor. The pT346-FPR2 antibody detects phosphorylation in response to high-efficacy agonists. T346 phosphorylation is a key regulator of FPR2 desensitization, β-arrestin...
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Validation of the Formylpeptide Receptor 2 in transfected HEK293 cells
FPR2 (GP-non-phospho), Formylpeptide Receptor 2...
The FPR2 receptor antibody is directed against the distal end of the carboxyl-terminal tail of human Formylpeptide Receptor 2. It can be used to detect total FPR2 receptors in Western blots independent of phosphorylation. The FPR2...
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Validation of the MRGPRX2 Receptor in transfected HEK293 cells
MRGPRX2 (non-phospho), MRGPRX2 Mas-related...
The non-phospho-MRGPRX2 receptor antibody is directed against the distal end of the carboxyl-terminal tail of human MRGPRX2. It can be used to detect total MRGPRX2 receptors in Western blots independent of phosphorylation. The MRGPRX2...
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Validation of the GPR82 Receptor in transfected HEK293 cells
GPR82 (non-phospho), G protein-coupled...
The non-phospho-GPR82 receptor antibody is directed against the distal end of the carboxyl-terminal tail of human GPR82. It can be used to detect total GPR82 receptors in Western blots independent of phosphorylation. The GPR82 antibody...
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Validation of the GPR65 Receptor in transfected HEK293 cells
GPR65 (non-phospho), G protein-coupled...
The non-phospho-GPR65 receptor antibody is directed against the distal end of the carboxyl-terminal tail of human GPR65. It can be used to detect total GPR65 receptors in Western blots independent of phosphorylation. The GPR65 antibody...
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Validation of the GPR61 Receptor in transfected HEK293 cells
GPR61 (non-phospho), G protein-coupled...
The non-phospho-GPR61 receptor antibody is directed against the distal end of the carboxyl-terminal tail of human GPR61. It can be used to detect total GPR61 receptors in Western blots independent of phosphorylation. The GPR61 antibody...
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Validation of the GPR3 Receptor in transfected HEK293 cells
GPR3 (non-phospho), G protein-coupled Receptor...
The non-phospho-GPR3 receptor antibody is directed against the distal end of the carboxyl-terminal tail of human GPR3. It can be used to detect total GPR3 receptors in Western blots independent of phosphorylation. The GPR3 antibody can...
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For further reading refer to:

Kliewer A, Reinscheid RK, Schulz S. Emerging Paradigms of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dephosphorylation. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Jul;38(7):621-636. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2017.04.002. Epub 2017 May 4. Review. PubMed PMID: 28478994.

Miess E, Gondin AB, Yousuf A, Steinborn R, Mösslein N, Yang Y, Göldner M, Ruland JG, Bünemann M, Krasel C, Christie MJ, Halls ML, Schulz S, Canals M. Multisite phosphorylation is required for sustained interaction with GRKs and arrestins during rapid μ-opioid receptor desensitization. Sci Signal. 2018 Jul 17;11(539). pii: eaas9609. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aas9609. PubMed PMID: 30018083.

Kliewer A, Schmiedel F, Sianati S, Bailey A, Bateman JT, Levitt ES, Williams JT, Christie MJ, Schulz S. Phosphorylation-deficient G-protein-biased μ-opioid receptors improve analgesia and diminish tolerance but worsen opioid side effects. Nat Commun. 2019 Jan 21;10(1):367. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08162-1. PubMed PMID: 30664663; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6341117.

Mann A, Moulédous L, Froment C, O'Neill PR, Dasgupta P, Günther T, Brunori G, Kieffer BL, Toll L, Bruchas MR, Zaveri NT, Schulz S. Agonist-selective NOP receptor phosphorylation correlates in vitro and in vivo and reveals differential post-activation signaling by chemically diverse agonists. Sci Signal. 2019 Mar 26;12(574). pii: eaau8072. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aau8072. PubMed PMID: 30914485; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6934085.

Saaber F, Schütz D, Miess E, Abe P, Desikan S, Ashok Kumar P, Balk S, Huang K, Beaulieu JM, Schulz S, Stumm R. ACKR3 Regulation of Neuronal Migration Requires ACKR3 Phosphorylation, but Not β-Arrestin. Cell Rep. 2019 Feb 5;26(6):1473-1488.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.049. PubMed PMID: 30726732.

Glück L, Loktev A, Moulédous L, Mollereau C, Law PY, Schulz S. Loss of morphine reward and dependence in mice lacking G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5. Biol Psychiatry. 2014 Nov 15;76(10):767-74. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.01.021. Epub 2014 Feb 3. PubMed PMID: 24629717; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4119866.

For further reading refer to: Kliewer A, Reinscheid RK, Schulz S. Emerging Paradigms of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dephosphorylation. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Jul;38(7):621-636.... read more »
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Premium Phosphosite-Specific 7TM Antibodies

For further reading refer to:

Kliewer A, Reinscheid RK, Schulz S. Emerging Paradigms of G Protein-Coupled Receptor Dephosphorylation. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017 Jul;38(7):621-636. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2017.04.002. Epub 2017 May 4. Review. PubMed PMID: 28478994.

Miess E, Gondin AB, Yousuf A, Steinborn R, Mösslein N, Yang Y, Göldner M, Ruland JG, Bünemann M, Krasel C, Christie MJ, Halls ML, Schulz S, Canals M. Multisite phosphorylation is required for sustained interaction with GRKs and arrestins during rapid μ-opioid receptor desensitization. Sci Signal. 2018 Jul 17;11(539). pii: eaas9609. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aas9609. PubMed PMID: 30018083.

Kliewer A, Schmiedel F, Sianati S, Bailey A, Bateman JT, Levitt ES, Williams JT, Christie MJ, Schulz S. Phosphorylation-deficient G-protein-biased μ-opioid receptors improve analgesia and diminish tolerance but worsen opioid side effects. Nat Commun. 2019 Jan 21;10(1):367. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08162-1. PubMed PMID: 30664663; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6341117.

Mann A, Moulédous L, Froment C, O'Neill PR, Dasgupta P, Günther T, Brunori G, Kieffer BL, Toll L, Bruchas MR, Zaveri NT, Schulz S. Agonist-selective NOP receptor phosphorylation correlates in vitro and in vivo and reveals differential post-activation signaling by chemically diverse agonists. Sci Signal. 2019 Mar 26;12(574). pii: eaau8072. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aau8072. PubMed PMID: 30914485; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6934085.

Saaber F, Schütz D, Miess E, Abe P, Desikan S, Ashok Kumar P, Balk S, Huang K, Beaulieu JM, Schulz S, Stumm R. ACKR3 Regulation of Neuronal Migration Requires ACKR3 Phosphorylation, but Not β-Arrestin. Cell Rep. 2019 Feb 5;26(6):1473-1488.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.049. PubMed PMID: 30726732.

Glück L, Loktev A, Moulédous L, Mollereau C, Law PY, Schulz S. Loss of morphine reward and dependence in mice lacking G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5. Biol Psychiatry. 2014 Nov 15;76(10):767-74. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.01.021. Epub 2014 Feb 3. PubMed PMID: 24629717; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4119866.

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